Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Preface
This book is intended for advanced engineering students in university or college and could serve as a reference for practical engineers. In recent years the development of fluid machineries has required a wider range of study in order to achieve a new level of developmental and conceptual progress. The field of fluid engineering is quite diverse in the sense that so many variations of flow exist in fluid machinery or an installation, whose characteristics are wholly dependent upon the flow field which is deter- mined by the function of the machine setting itself.
One who is studying fluid engineering, for the purpose of gaining a working knowledge of fluid machineries and their relevant installations, must understand not only the type of fluids used in practice, but also the fundamental flow problems as- sociated with actual fluid machineries. Hence, the intended purpose of this book is to provide the fundamental and physical aspects of fluid mechanics and to develop engineering practice for fluid machineries. The subject of fluid engineering is most often approached at the senior undergraduate or postgraduate level of study.
At this stage, the student or practical engineer is assumed to already have a basic mathematical back- ground of vector and tensor analysis with a fair understanding of elemen- Poiseuille flow. The information in this book is organized by subject mat- ter in such a way that students can understand basic theory and progres- sively deepen their level of knowledge, following the order of presentation.
In each section chapter exercises are provided, and problems are also given so as to enable students to understand the theoretical implications and to apply them to engineering problems. Suggestions of further readings and relevant references are listed at the end of each chapter for students eager to delve more deeply into various topics. The SI units system has been provided at the end of the introduction. Exercises and problems are worked out by SI Units throughout this text.
Chapter 1 concerns the fundamentals of continuum mechanics. The chapter involves a description of the nature of continuum, and the basis of kinematic fluid flow. Mathematical treatments necessary for describing quantities of fluid motion, which lay the groundwork for proceeding chap- ters, are also dealt with at this stage.
Chapter 2 encompasses the general conservation laws of fluid flow, in- volving mass, linear momentum, angular momentum and energy conserva- tion. These will allow us to provide constitutive equations (relations) for the (unconstituted) conservation equations; thus, a closed system of equa- tions, namely the governing equations of a specified fluid flow, can be ob- tained. Newtonian fluid, non-Newtonian fluid, viscoelastic fluid, and mag- netic fluid are developed in later chapters.
Chapters 3 and 4 provide the basic theory for fluid engineering in an inviscid flow, from which hydrostatics, potential flows and incompressible flows are derived for practical use in Chapter 3. Thermodynamics equa- tions are also introduced for analysis in this chapter. Specific engineering terms and concepts are defined in the proceeding chapters when appropri- ate. The importance in derivation of the Bernoulli equation is considered from the view of applying the equation to various engineering problems. In consideration of engineering applications,
Chapter 4 deals with fun- damental methods to characterize turbomachines, and provides definitions of efficiencies. The concept of efficiencies is largely based on energy transfer and conversion. This chapter in particular explicates the basic treatments of hydraulic machineries, which are widely used in engineering
practice. Although there are a large variety of hydraulic machineries avail- able, each serving its needs and purposes, the treatment for these fluid ma- chineries in this chapter is oriented more towards the turbomachineries in general rather than the specific type.Chapter 5 is concerned with basic theory for compressible flow. In par- ticular, unidirectional steady state flow process is considered. Fanno and Rayleigh processes in compressible flows are treated in more detail in view of wider applications to engineering practice. Shock waves are also touched on in this chapter.
Chapter 6 focuses on Newtonian flow. Viscosity, the most important concept in fluid mechanics is brought into the discussion, which leads us to the derivation of Navier-Stokes equations. Viscous flows are the objective in this chapter. Basic flows in many engineering applications are intro- duced, in which boundary layer theories are more thoroughly examined.
Chapter 7 explores some of the more advanced topics in fluid engineer- ing so that the student wishing to further develop their interest in research fields or gain perspective for their future careers may glean some insight from these discussions. This chapter concerns non-Newtonian fluid flow in particular, which cannot be characterized in the same way as Newtonian fluids. The topic chiefly discussed here is polymeric fluid in light of more advanced applications, involving not only non-Newtonian viscosity, but also elasticity in regard to the rheological properties of fluids. Some con- stitutive equations of viscoelastic fluids are introduced in this chapter, for the purpose of applying them to numerical work.
In the final chapter, Chapter 8, ferrohydrodynamics is introduced along side recent developments in magnetic fluids. The fundamental treatment of magnetic fluids is based on the modeling of suspensions of magnetic grains, whose scale is in the order of 10nm. The novel idea of suspension through the process of magnetization is introduced in deriving a closure system of ferrohydrodynamics equations. Some engineering applications of magnetic fluids are outlined.
There are four appendixes in which further details have been included. The appendixes are arranged in such a way that readers can, when neces- sary, refer to basic mathematical treatments and extend their understanding on a specific subject in the main text. Tables of physical properties are also provided as reference for readers requiring data for solving problems in the text or for more practical designing works. References are provided at the end of each chapter, some of which are to be regarded as suggestions for further reading and others as cited sources.
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